Chapter X : Direct and Indirect Speech in Past Form (Simple Past Tense and Perfect Past Tense)

A.    Definition

1.        Direct Speech

Direct speech is a report of the exact words used by a speaker or writer. Contrast with indirect speech. Also called direct discourse. Direct speech is usually placed inside quotation marks and accompanied by a reporting verb, signal phrase, or quotative frame.

2.        Indirect Speech

Indirect speech is a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that person's exact words. Also called indirect discourse. Unlike direct speech, indirect speech is not usually placed inside quotation marks. In the following example, notice how the verb in the present tense (is) changes to the past tense (was) in indirect speech. Also notice the change in word order in the indirect version.

B.    Formulas

1.        Simple Past Tense

Sentences	Formulas
positive (+)	S + Verb-2 (past tense) S + be(was/were)
negative (-)	S + did + not + bare infinitive S + be(was/were) + not
interogative (?)	Did + S + bare infinitive be(was/were) + S

2.        Past Perfect Tense

Sentences	Formulas
positive (+)	S + had + past participle (V-3)
negative (-)	S + had + not + past participle (V-3)
interogative (?)	had + S + past participle (V-3)

C.     Tense Change

1.        Present simple tense into Past simple

2.        Present Perfect tense into Pas perfect

3.        Past simple into Past Perfect

4.        Past Perfect into Past Perfect

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
They said, “You read a novel” He said, “She goes to salon once a week” She said, “we love our country”	He said that you read a novel. He said that she went to salon once a week. They said that they loved their country
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
I said, “She has finished her exercise” You said, “He have started an examination” She said, “You have eaten the candy”	I said that she had finished his exercise. You said that he had started an examination. She said that you had eaten the candy.
PAST TENSE
PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT
He said to me, “you answered correctly” John said, “they went to cinema” She said, “I didn’t buy a car”	He said to me that I had answered correctly. John said that they had gone to cinema. She said that she had not bought a car.
PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)
She said, “She had visited a doctor” He said, “I had started a business” I said, “she had eaten the meal”	She said that she had visited a doctor. He said that he had started a business. I said that she had eaten the meal.

Source

·      https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-direct-speech-1690393

·      https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-indirect-speech-1691058

·      http://www.studyandexam.com/indirect-speech-for-tense.html

·      https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-simple-past-tense

·      https://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-past-perfect-tense